DNS policies

When a user makes a DNS request to Gateway, Gateway matches the request against the DNS policies you have set up for your organization. If the domain does not belong to any blocked categories, or if it matches an Override policy, the user’s client receives the DNS resolution and initiates an HTTP connection.

A DNS policy consists of an Action as well as a logical expression that determines the scope of the action. To build an expression, you need to choose a Selector and an Operator, and enter a value or range of values in the Value field. You can use And and Or logical operators to evaluate multiple conditions.

• Actions
• Selectors
• Comparison operators
• Value
• Logical operators

When creating a DNS policy, you can select as many security risk categories and content categories as needed to fully secure your network. Unless a more specific selector is configured in a policy (for example, User Email or Source IP), then the policy will be evaluated against all DNS queries that reach Gateway from your organization.

​​ Actions

Just like actions in HTTP policies, actions in DNS policies allow you to choose what to do with a given set of elements. You can assign one action per policy.

These are the action types you can choose from:

• Allow
• Block
• Override
• Safe Search
• YouTube Restricted Mode

​​ Allow

API value: allow

Policies with Allow actions allow DNS queries to reach destinations you specify within the Selector and Value fields. For example, the following configuration allows DNS queries to reach domains we categorize as belonging to the Education content category:

​​ Disable DNSSEC validation

When you select Disable DNSSEC validation, Gateway will resolve DNS queries even if the cryptographic signature for the DNS record cannot be validated. We do not recommend disabling DNSSEC validation unless you know that the validation failure is due to DNSSEC configuration issues and not malicious attacks.

​​ Block

API value: block

Policies with Block actions block DNS queries to reach destinations you specify within the Selector and Value fields. For example, the following configuration blocks DNS queries from reaching domains we categorize as belonging to the Adult Themes content category:

​​ Custom block page

When choosing the Block action, turn on Display custom block page to respond to queries with a block page and to specify the message you want to display to users who go to blocked websites. If the block page is disabled, Gateway will respond to blocked queries with an A record of 0.0.0.0 for IPv4 destinations, or with an AAAA record of :: for IPv6 destinations. For more information, refer to the dedicated documentation on customizing the block page.

Turn on Display block notification for WARP client to display notifications for Gateway block events. Blocked users will receive an operating system notification from the WARP client with a custom message you set. If you do not set a custom message, the WARP client will display a default message. Custom messages must be 100 characters or less.

Upon selecting the notification, WARP will direct your users to a block page. Optionally, you can direct users to a custom URL, such as an internal support form.

To turn on client notifications on macOS devices running DisplayLink software, you may have to allow system notifications when mirroring your display. For more information, refer to the macOS documentation Open external link .

​​ Override

API value: override

Policies with Override actions allow you to respond to all DNS queries for a given domain to another destination. For example, you can provide a custom response IP of 1.2.3.4 for all queries to www.example.com with the following policy:

​​ Safe Search

API value: safesearch

SafeSearch is a feature of search engines that helps you filter explicit or offensive content. When you enable SafeSearch, the search engine filters explicit or offensive content and returns search results that are safe for children or at work.

You can use Cloudflare Gateway to enable SafeSearch on search engines like Google, Bing, Yandex, YouTube and DuckDuckGo. For example, to enable SafeSearch for Google, you can create the following policy:

​​ YouTube Restricted Mode

API value: ytrestricted

Similarly, you can enforce YouTube Restricted mode by choosing the YouTube Restricted action. YouTube Restricted Mode is an automated filter for adult and offensive content built into YouTube. To enable YouTube Restricted Mode, you could set up a policy like the following:

This setup ensures users will be blocked from accessing offensive sites using DNS.

​​ Selectors

Gateway matches DNS queries against the following selectors, or criteria:

​​ Application

You can apply DNS policies to a growing list of popular web applications. Refer to Application and app types for more information.

​​ Authoritative Nameserver IP

Use this selector to match against the IP address of the authoritative nameserver IP address.

​​ Content Categories

Use this selector to filter domains belonging to specific content categories. When using an Allow or Block action, you can optionally block IP addresses.

​​ DNS CNAME Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their CNAME records.

​​ DNS MX Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their MX records.

​​ DNS PTR Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their PTR records.

​​ DNS Resolver IP

Use this selector to apply policies to DNS queries that arrived to your Gateway Resolver IP address aligned with a registered DNS location. For most Gateway customers, this is an IPv4 AnyCast address and policies created using this IPv4 address will apply to all DNS locations. However, each DNS location has a dedicated IPv6 address and some Gateway customers have been supplied with a dedicated IPv4 address — these both can be used to apply policies to specific registered DNS locations.

​​ DNS TXT Record

Use this selector to filter DNS responses by their TXT records.

​​ DoH Subdomain

Use this selector to match against DNS queries that arrive via DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) destined for the DoH endpoint configured for each DNS location. For example, you can use a DNS location with a DoH endpoint of abcdefg.cloudflare-gateway.com by choosing the DoH Subdomain selector and inputting a value of abcdefg.

​​ Domain

Use this selector to match against a domain and all subdomains. For example, you can match example.com and its subdomains, such as www.example.com.

​​ Host

Use this selector to match against only the hostname specified. For example, you can match test.example.com but not example.com or www.test.example.com.

​​ Indicator Feed

Use this selector to match against custom indicator feeds. To enable this selector, a designated third-party vendor must assign a custom indicator feed to your account.

​​ Location

Use this selector to apply policies to a specific Gateway DNS location or set of locations.

​​ Query Record Type

Use this selector to choose the DNS resource record type that you would like to apply policies against. For example, you can match A records for a domain but not MX records.

​​ Resolved Continent

Use this selector to filter based on the continent that the query resolves to. Geolocation is determined from the IP address in the response. To specify a continent, enter its two-letter code into the Value field:

• AF – Africa
• AN – Antarctica
• AS – Asia
• EU – Europe
• NA – North America
• OC – Oceania
• SA – South America
• T1 – Tor network

​​ Resolved Country

Use this selector to filter based on the country that the query resolves to. Geolocation is determined from the IP address in the response. To specify a country, enter its ISO 3166-1 Alpha 2 code Open external link in the Value field.

​​ Resolved IP

Use this selector to filter based on the IP addresses that the query resolves to.

​​ Security Categories

Use this selector to match domains (and optionally, IP addresses) belonging to specific security categories.

​​ Source Continent

Use this selector to filter based on the continent where the query arrived to Gateway from.

Geolocation is determined from the device’s public IP address (typically assigned by the user’s ISP). To specify a continent, enter its two-letter code into the Value field:

​​ Source Country

Use this selector to filter based on the country where the query arrived to Gateway from.

Geolocation is determined from the device’s public IP address (typically assigned by the user’s ISP). To specify a country, enter its ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code Open external link in the Value field.

​​ Source IP

Use this selector to apply policies to the source IP address of DNS queries. For example, this could be the WAN IP address of the stub resolver used by your organization to send queries to Gateway.

​​ Users

Identity-based selectors include:

• SAML Attributes
• User Email
• User Group Emails
• User Group IDs
• User Group Names
• User Name

To use identity-based selectors, enable Gateway with WARP in the Zero Trust WARP client and enroll your user in your organization. For more information, refer to Identity-based policies.

​​ Comparison operators

Comparison operators are the way Gateway matches traffic to a selector. When you choose a Selector in the dashboard policy builder, the Operator dropdown menu will display the available options for that selector.

​​ Value

You can input a single value or use regular expressions to specify a range of values.

Gateway uses Rust to evaluate regular expressions. The Rust implementation is slightly different than regex libraries used elsewhere. For more information, refer to our guide for Wildcards.

For example, if you want to match multiple domains, you could use the pipe symbol (|) as an OR operator. In Gateway, you do not need to use an escape character (\) before the pipe symbol. The following configuration blocks requests to two hosts if either appears in a request header:

To evaluate if your regex matches, you can use Rustexp Open external link .

​​ Logical operators

To evaluate multiple conditions in an expression, select the And logical operator. These expressions can be compared further with the Or logical operator.

The Or operator will only work with conditions in the same expression group. For example, you cannot compare conditions in Traffic with conditions in Identity.