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Sign requests

Verify a signed request using the HMAC and SHA-256 algorithms or return a 403.

You can both verify and generate signed requests from within a Worker using the Web Crypto APIs.

The following Worker will:

  • For request URLs beginning with /generate/, replace /generate/ with /, sign the resulting path with its timestamp, and return the full, signed URL in the response body.

  • For all other request URLs, verify the signed URL and allow the request through.

 Run Worker
import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
// How long an HMAC token should be valid for, in seconds
const EXPIRY = 60;
export default {
/**
*
* @param {Request} request
* @param {{SECRET_DATA: string}} env
* @returns
*/
async fetch(request, env) {
// You will need some secret data to use as a symmetric key. This should be
// attached to your Worker as an encrypted secret.
// Refer to https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/configuration/secrets/
const secretKeyData = encoder.encode(
env.SECRET_DATA ?? "my secret symmetric key"
);
// Import your secret as a CryptoKey for both 'sign' and 'verify' operations
const key = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
"raw",
secretKeyData,
{ name: "HMAC", hash: "SHA-256" },
false,
["sign", "verify"]
);
const url = new URL(request.url);
// This is a demonstration Worker that allows unauthenticated access to /generate
// In a real application you would want to make sure that
// users could only generate signed URLs when authenticated
if (url.pathname.startsWith("/generate/")) {
url.pathname = url.pathname.replace("/generate/", "/");
const timestamp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
// This contains all the data about the request that you want to be able to verify
// Here we only sign the timestamp and the pathname, but often you will want to
// include more data (for instance, the URL hostname or query parameters)
const dataToAuthenticate = `${url.pathname}${timestamp}`;
const mac = await crypto.subtle.sign(
"HMAC",
key,
encoder.encode(dataToAuthenticate)
);
// Refer to https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/nodejs/
// for more details on using Node.js APIs in Workers
const base64Mac = Buffer.from(mac).toString("base64");
url.searchParams.set("verify", `${timestamp}-${base64Mac}`);
return new Response(`${url.pathname}${url.search}`);
// Verify all non /generate requests
} else {
// Make sure you have the minimum necessary query parameters.
if (!url.searchParams.has("verify")) {
return new Response("Missing query parameter", { status: 403 });
}
const [timestamp, hmac] = url.searchParams.get("verify").split("-");
const assertedTimestamp = Number(timestamp);
const dataToAuthenticate = `${url.pathname}${assertedTimestamp}`;
const receivedMac = Buffer.from(hmac, "base64");
// Use crypto.subtle.verify() to guard against timing attacks. Since HMACs use
// symmetric keys, you could implement this by calling crypto.subtle.sign() and
// then doing a string comparison -- this is insecure, as string comparisons
// bail out on the first mismatch, which leaks information to potential
// attackers.
const verified = await crypto.subtle.verify(
"HMAC",
key,
receivedMac,
encoder.encode(dataToAuthenticate)
);
if (!verified) {
return new Response("Invalid MAC", { status: 403 });
}
// Signed requests expire after one minute. Note that this value should depend on your specific use case
if (Date.now() / 1000 > assertedTimestamp + EXPIRY) {
return new Response(
`URL expired at ${new Date((assertedTimestamp + EXPIRY) * 1000)}`,
{ status: 403 }
);
}
}
return fetch(new URL(url.pathname, "https://example.com"), request);
},
};
import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
// How long an HMAC token should be valid for, in seconds
const EXPIRY = 60;
interface Env {
SECRET_DATA: string;
}
export default {
async fetch(request, env): Promise<Response> {
// You will need some secret data to use as a symmetric key. This should be
// attached to your Worker as an encrypted secret.
// Refer to https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/configuration/secrets/
const secretKeyData = encoder.encode(
env.SECRET_DATA ?? "my secret symmetric key"
);
// Import your secret as a CryptoKey for both 'sign' and 'verify' operations
const key = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
"raw",
secretKeyData,
{ name: "HMAC", hash: "SHA-256" },
false,
["sign", "verify"]
);
const url = new URL(request.url);
// This is a demonstration Worker that allows unauthenticated access to /generate
// In a real application you would want to make sure that
// users could only generate signed URLs when authenticated
if (url.pathname.startsWith("/generate/")) {
url.pathname = url.pathname.replace("/generate/", "/");
const timestamp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
// This contains all the data about the request that you want to be able to verify
// Here we only sign the timestamp and the pathname, but often you will want to
// include more data (for instance, the URL hostname or query parameters)
const dataToAuthenticate = `${url.pathname}${timestamp}`;
const mac = await crypto.subtle.sign(
"HMAC",
key,
encoder.encode(dataToAuthenticate)
);
// Refer to https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/nodejs/
// for more details on using NodeJS APIs in Workers
const base64Mac = Buffer.from(mac).toString("base64");
url.searchParams.set("verify", `${timestamp}-${base64Mac}`);
return new Response(`${url.pathname}${url.search}`);
// Verify all non /generate requests
} else {
// Make sure you have the minimum necessary query parameters.
if (!url.searchParams.has("verify")) {
return new Response("Missing query parameter", { status: 403 });
}
const [timestamp, hmac] = url.searchParams.get("verify").split("-");
const assertedTimestamp = Number(timestamp);
const dataToAuthenticate = `${url.pathname}${assertedTimestamp}`;
const receivedMac = Buffer.from(hmac, "base64");
// Use crypto.subtle.verify() to guard against timing attacks. Since HMACs use
// symmetric keys, you could implement this by calling crypto.subtle.sign() and
// then doing a string comparison -- this is insecure, as string comparisons
// bail out on the first mismatch, which leaks information to potential
// attackers.
const verified = await crypto.subtle.verify(
"HMAC",
key,
receivedMac,
encoder.encode(dataToAuthenticate)
);
if (!verified) {
return new Response("Invalid MAC", { status: 403 });
}
// Signed requests expire after one minute. Note that this value should depend on your specific use case
if (Date.now() / 1000 > assertedTimestamp + EXPIRY) {
return new Response(
`URL expired at ${new Date((assertedTimestamp + EXPIRY) * 1000)}`,
{ status: 403 }
);
}
}
return fetch(new URL(url.pathname, "https://example.com"), request);
},
} satisfies ExportedHandler<Env>;

​​ Validate signed requests using the WAF

The provided example code for signing requests is compatible with the is_timed_hmac_valid_v0() Rules language function. This means that you can verify requests signed by the Worker script using a WAF custom rule.